Starting with Columbine in 1999, “more than 187,000 students attending at least 193 primary or secondary schools have experienced a shooting on campus during school hours” according to a Washington Post study (Cox). In fact, the study found “an average of 10 school shootings per year since Columbine, with a low of five in 2002 and a high of 15 in 2014.” This year alone, as of “less than three months into 2018, there have been 11 shootings, already making this year among the worst on record.” The presence of guns has become prominent recently with all the frightening events occurring in what are supposed to be safe areas for students to learn. While the news frequently covers mass shootings, the study only proves that large-scale schools shootings are only a fraction of the danger students face in regards to gun violence at school.
The public holds contradicting opinions regarding the main cause of gun violence in schools, but generally agree on several ideas. One cause of this issue that many accept to be true is mental illness. Sue Klebold is the mother of one of the infamous Columbine shooters that were the first in a series of increasing incidents resulting in deaths, injuries, and trauma due to guns in schools. She attributes the tragedy largely to her son’s mental illness and the lack of help he received for it. Dylan Klebold was plagued by suicidal thoughts before the shooting, and his mother laments that his “spiral into dysfunction probably occurred over a period of about two years, plenty of time to get him help, if only someone had known that he needed help and known what to do” (Klebold). Klebold’s main concern regards Dylan’s “desire to die” causing him to kill others along with him, noting that the estimated statistic that around one or two percent of suicides are murder-suicides, meaning that rises in suicide rates will lead to rises in murder-suicide rates (Klebold). Justin Nutt concurs that mental illness is a definitive factor in gun violence, explaining how anxiety, mood, personality, and psychotic disorders, and even particular symptoms such as mania, can lead to feelings of being alone, powerless, and hopeless, and impaired reasoning and lack of control: “mental health issues can compound things and lead to a feeling that the only option is to lash out at the world or that the only way one can show others how he or she feels is to show them or make them feel the pain being felt” (Nutt). Klebold elaborates on the failure of our mental health care system, as it “is not equipped to help everyone, and not everyone with destructive thoughts fits the criteria for a specific diagnosis. Many who have ongoing feelings of fear or anger or hopelessness are never assessed or treated” (Klebold). Malcolm Gladwell also cites other psychological abnormalities such as the autism spectrum, psychoticism, and psychopathy as a potential source of dangerous gun usage in school: John LaDue had Asperger’s and obsessed over guns and school shootings out of morbid curiosity; Kip Kinkel was psychotic and had delusions; Eric Harris, mastermind behind Columbine, was your textbook psychopath in manner, behavior, and self-perception (Gladwell).
A large part of the mental health aspect is bullying, which goes hand-in-hand with mental health, and it is also a universally agreed upon factor in school violence. While it doesn’t explain LaDue, Kinkel, or Harris, bullying can help us better understand Dylan Klebold, who “had experienced triggering events at the school that left him feeling debased and humiliated and mad. And he had a complicated friendship with a boy who shared his feelings of rage and alienation, and who was seriously disturbed, controlling and homicidal” (Klebold). Bullying can help us pinpoint the root of Dylan’s suicidal thoughts and explain his relationship with an individual such as Eric Harris who was “seriously disturbed, controlling and homicidal” and yet “shared his feelings of rage and alienation” enough to be able to convince Dylan to join him on a quest of vengeance, homicide, and self-destruction.
However, mental health is only a portion of the problem. While mental health is prevalent among shooters, one must realize that “researchers have consistently concluded that [psychological problems] seldom play a role in shootings or violence of any kind” and that most shooters “showed no signs of debilitating mental illness, such as psychosis or schizophrenia” (Cox). Klebold, despite discussing her son’s mental illness, acknowledges as well that “only a very small percent of those who have a mental illness are violent toward other people” (Klebold). Furthermore, defining school shootings by mental illness can be dangerous; the president of the American Psychological Association, Jessica Henderson Daniel, stated that “framing the conversation about gun violence in the context of mental illness does a disservice to the victims of violence and unfairly stigmatizes the many others with mental illness… More important, it does not direct us to appropriate solutions to this public health crisis” (Cox).
In fact, while Gladwell details the different kinds of mental illness present in many of the minds of those who attempt to hurt others, there are also social factors (besides bullying) that easily contribute to violence towards students and faculty. Much of it boiled down to “chaotic home life” (for example Evan Ramsey who lived an extremely itinerant and abusive upbringing), and “group behavior/threshold,” which explains how the existence of a group of humans can cause people to act a certain way or demonstrate a certain behavior, the behavior in this case being shooting up schools in salute to Columbine. Group threshold theory explains cases such as Darion Aguilar, someone who would never have had reason to pick up a gun before the examples set by Harris and Klebold. Aguilar is only part of overwhelming percentages of major school shootings both in and outside the United States after Columbine that either imitated, referenced, or took inspiration from Harris and Klebold (Gladwell). In regards to societal explanations for gun violence in schools, some people even goes as far as to point at the media as a contributor to this epidemic. The notoriety gained from school shootings, due to a fixation on the attacker instead of the victim, can encourage students who “feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone” to do something as drastic as a school shooting believing it will ensure their infamy and make sure they are remembered in history (Nutt). Gladwell’s group threshold theory holds well in relation with this with the outcome of Columbine and consequential spotlight on the shooters that inspires others to follow suit.
Ultimately, every shooter is different, and people are harmed by guns for different reasons. As Cox and Rich state, “there is no archetypal American school shooter. Their ranks include a 6-year-old boy who killed a classmate because he didn’t like her and a 15-year-old girl who did the same to a friend for rejecting her romantic overtures. They also come from backgrounds of all kinds” (Cox). Whether or not the assailant was bullied or had mental illness, each shooter has their individual background and motivation, ranging from obsession, sadism, suicidal desire, abuse, revenge, inspiration from literature and entertainment, or admiration for previous shooters (Gladwell). The incident could even have been unintentional, with students bringing firearms on campus for self-protection or curiosity. What all gun-related horror stories in school environments have in common, however, is that the gun-wielder was able to get ahold of guns without ringing any alarms. Thus, despite many relevant and viable causes for gun violence in schools, I believe that the main cause that ties all these reasons and incidents together is undeniably the terrifyingly easy access that students have to guns.
Home is, unfortunately, the most common source of guns for our youth to get their hands on. Nine kids are shot unintentionally in the U.S. on a daily basis, nearly all with a parent’s gun; nine hundred adolescents commit suicide annually, nearly all with a parent’s gun; two-thirds of school shootings, including Sandy Hook, utilize a parent’s gun (Gross). In one particular case, a boy found a pistol given from his father to his brother and brought it to his first grade class, where a girl picked it up and accidentally shot 7-year-old Gage Meche through the stomach. Gage now suffers from trauma and continuous physical pain, and the girl suffers from guilt and post-traumatic stress. Although it may be easy to blame parents for keeping guns in the house where kids can easily find them, Dan Gross’ TED talk reminds us that they aren’t bad people, “they’re just living with the unimaginable consequences of a very bad decision, made based on very bad information that was put into their minds by very bad people, who know good and well the misery that they’re causing, but just don’t care” (Gross). Due to unfortunate politics, many households wind up misinformed about their children’s safety regarding the guns that they believe are protecting the family. Even in households without guns, it is still shockingly easy for kids to obtain guns. Despite her emphasis on mental health and social issues, Klebold also notes that “on top of this period in his life of extreme vulnerability and fragility, Dylan found access to guns even though we’d never owned any in our home” (Klebold). Gross compares gun control to airport security, attesting that “thousands of gun sales every day at guns shows or online without… background checks, just like there shouldn’t be two lines to get on an airplane — one with security and one with no security” (Gross). Klebold further comments that “it was appallingly easy for a 17-year-old boy to buy guns, both legally and illegally, without my permission or knowledge. And somehow, 17 years and many school shootings later, it’s still appallingly easy” (Klebold).
The system that Gross introduces us to, Brady background checks, have prevented – over 20 years – “2.4 million gun sales to those people that we all agree shouldn’t have guns” (Gross), these “people” being “domestic abusers, convicted felons, mentally ill persons, and other dangerous individuals” that may harm others if wielding a firearm (“Effectiveness”). So why is there still so much accessibility to guns? One factor is the lack of research, and thus, sufficient awareness of the issue to incorporate appropriate policies. Cox and Rich explain that “the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stopped studying gun violence 22 years ago. At the time, the Republican-led Congress mandated that no CDC funds ‘may be used to advocate or promote gun control,’ language that, though vague, halted almost all study of gun violence” (Cox). Carvalho uses a more accusatory tone towards the corporate gun lobby having spent “billions of dollars blocking the CDC from doing research into the public health epidemic of gun violence… They’re desperate to hide the truth, because they view the truth as a threat to their bottom line” (Carvalho).
So what can be done? Improving our mental health care system is important and a frequently proposed solution, but it will mean little in the scheme of preventing gun violence with so many shooters absent of a diagnosable mental illness. Rather, using the power of community and information to convince government to take action is probably the best way to solve the issue. One of the lessons Carvalho takes from fighting drugs and gun violence is that “you need coalitions of the willing and of the unwilling to make change. In the case of drugs, we needed libertarians, anti-prohibitionists, legalizers, and liberal politicians. They may not agree on everything; in fact, they disagree on almost everything. But the legitimacy of the campaign is based on their diverse points of view” (Carvalho). Not only that, but the simple existence of such a group spreads information to the public and garners more support for the cause, which, if gains enough traction, will find its way to the government, as did Carvalho’s coalition: “within weeks, our national congress approved the disarmament bill that had been languishing for years. We were then able to mobilize data to show the successful outcomes of the change in the law and gun collection program… We could prove that in just one year, we saved more than 5,000 lives” (Carvalho). And according to Gross, unity is working regarding the issue for gun violence. After San Bernardino, the public began swarming Congress with demand for action, and soon enough, “we got a vote on a bill that nobody thought was going to see the light of day anytime soon. We’re seeing real movement to repeal some of the most evil, ugly gun lobby legislation passed over the last dark decade. The stranglehold of the gun lobby is clearly being broken” (Gross). While laws can’t solve everything, implementation and expansion of Brady background checks to a wider number of sales will save thousands of lives.
2018 started off tragic with significantly the most incidents yet, culminating decades of gun violence in schools starting with Loukaitis and popularized by Klebold and Harris. An educational environment is not one where students – and teachers – should have to be constantly afraid and cautious. Fortunately, people are speaking up, and the gun violence crisis may recede. By demanding action from government in large numbers, we will soon eliminate the easy access of minors to guns, and permanently eradicate gun violence in schools.
Works Cited
- Carvalho, Ilona Szabó de. “4 Lessons I Learned from Taking a Stand against Drugs and Gun Violence.” TED. Oct. 2014. Lecture.
- Cox, John Woodrow, and Steven Rich. “What Happens to Children Who Survive School Shootings in America?” The Washington Post, 21 Mar. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/us-school-shootings-history/?utm_term=.1379e9a91ad2. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018.
- “Effectiveness of the Brady Act and Background Checks.” Giffords Law Center, lawcenter.giffords.org/effectiveness-brady-actbackground-checks/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2018.
- Gladwell, Malcolm. “Thresholds of Violence.” The New Yorker, 19 Oct. 2015. The New Yorker, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/19/thresholds-of-violence. Accessed 28 Mar. 2018.
- Gross, Dan. “Why Gun Violence Can’t Be Our New Normal.” TED. Feb. 2016. Lecture.
- Klebold, Sue. “My Son Was A Columbine Shooter. This Is My Story.” TED. Nov. 2016. Lecture.
- Lamb-Sinclair, Ashley. “Teaching While Afraid.” The Atlantic, 22 Feb. 2018, www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/02/teaching-while-afraid/553931/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2018.
- Morrison, Gale M., et al. “School Violence to School Safety: Reframing the Issue for School Psychologists.” School Psychology Review, vol. 23, no. 2, 1994, pp. 236-56. ResearchGate, Accessed 29 Mar. 2018.
- Nutt, Justin. “School Shootings and Possible Causes.” Social Justice Solutions, 14 Dec. 2013, www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018.